Predictors of Medication Errors in Elderly in Nursing Homes Research Paper

Indicators of Medication Errors in Elderly in Nursing Homes - Research Paper Example The National Coordinating Council for Medication Error Reporting and Prevention (2011) clarifies that A medicine mistake is any preventable occasion that may cause or lead to unseemly drug use while the prescription is in the control of the human services proficient, tolerant, or consumer.† This implies prescription blunders don't just happen on account of clinical experts. In this paper, the author survey indicators of prescription mistakes in old in nursing homes. This implies the heft of the writer’s consideration will be founded on factors that clinical experts in nursing homes and dealing with old individuals can use to anticipate conceivable drug blunders. As found in the meaning of prescription blunders, the writer’s perspective on indicators will be shifting and far reaching, not focusing just on the wellbeing professional yet on all other causative components including patients and customers. Indicators of Medication Errors in Elderly This segment of the paper audits five significant indicators of prescription mistakes that can happen among old individuals in nursing homes. Number of Home Medications The way that senior individuals viable depend on nursing homes ought not annihilate the chance of medicine mistake happening because of various home meds. Nursing officials and other wellbeing experts dealing with older individuals in nursing homes must foresee the way that once conceded at the home, the historical backdrop of various home drugs got by patients before their confirmation at the nursing home can meddle with the viability and elements of meds directed to them at the nursing home. Hence, it is properly fitting that nursing and other wellbeing experts have a reasonable thought of prescriptions patients on confirmation may have gotten at home before being conceded. Throughout the years, it is on the grounds that nursing specialists have been careless of the need to evaluate the quantity of home meds taken by older patients co nceded at the nursing homes that Prasanatikom and Madigan (2004) deduced in an exploration that â€Å"incidence of medicine mistake was most elevated at the primary visit (23.5%)† Self-organization of prescription Self-organization of drug is something that is basic among old patients in nursing homes. Pollick clarifies that self-organization of medicine or self-prescription is the â€Å"practice of utilizing unlawful or lawful medications without appropriate clinical oversight is known as self-medication.† The commonest cause given to the issue of self-organization of drug among older patients in nursing homes has been seen as over tension among the old patients (Akakpo, 2003). In actuality, because of degeneration mental issues among older patients, they will in general be on edge about their wellbeing and consistently have an inclination that taking prescriptions in overdose or approaching additional meds what is endorsed for them may prompt a speedy recuperation of their wellbeing. Wellbeing specialists in nursing homes must, in this way, have a guage information that if self-organization of medicine happens among their patients, the patients hazard the issue of prescription blunder in light of the fact that there is simply the propensity sedated drugs clashing with the elements of endorsed drugs.â

Huhuhu Free Essays

Section 7: Review Question : 3 3Q) How do the Internet and Internet innovation work, and how would they bolster correspondence and e-business? Ans) The Internet is an overall system of systems that utilizes the customer/server model of registering and the TCP/IP organize reference model. Each PC on the Internet is allocated a one of a kind numeric IP address. The Domain Name System (DNS) changes over IP delivers to more easy to use area names. We will compose a custom exposition test on Huhuhu or then again any comparative subject just for you Request Now Overall Internet approaches are built up by associations and government bodies, for example, the Internet Architecture Board (IAB) and the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C). Characterize the Internet, portray how it works, and clarify how it gives business esteem. The Internet has become the world’s generally broad, open correspondence framework that currently equals the worldwide phone framework in reach and range. Most homes and private ventures interface with the Internet by buying in to an Internet administration e supplier. An Internet specialist organization (ISP) is a business association with a lasting association with the Internet that offers transitory associations with retail endorsers. †¢Explain how the Domain Name System (DNS) and IP tending to framework work. It would be amazingly hard for Internet clients to recollect strings of 12 numbers; the Domain Name System (DNS) changes over area names to IP addresses. The area name is the English-like name that compares to the exceptional 32-piece numeric IP address for every PC associated with the Internet. DNS servers keep up a database containing IP delivers mapped to their relating area names. To get to a PC on the Internet, clients need just determine its area name. DNS has a various leveled structure. At the highest point of the DNS chain of importance is the root space. The kid space of the root is known as a top-level area, and the youngster area of a top-level space is called is a second-level space. The Internet depends on the TCP/IP organizing convention suite. Each PC on the Internet is allocated a remarkable Internet Protocol (IP) address, which right now is a 32-piece number spoke to by four series of numbers going from 0 to 255 isolated by periods. At the point when a client makes an impression on another client on the Internet, the message is first decayed into parcels utilizing the TCP convention. Every parcel contains its goal address. The bundles are then sent from the customer to the system server and from that point on to the same number of different servers as important to show up at a particular PC with a known location. At the goal address, the parcels are reassembled into the first message. †¢List and portray the main Internet administrations. A customer PC interfacing with the Internet approaches an assortment of administrations. These administrations incorporate email, electronic conversation gatherings, talking and texting, Telnet, File Transfer Protocol (FTP), and the Web. Email: E-mail empowers messages to be traded from PC to PC, with abilities for steering messages to different beneficiaries, sending messages, and appending content reports or mixed media records to messages. Albeit a few associations work their own interior electronic mail frameworks, most email today is sent through the Internet. The expenses of email is far speak with a softer tone, postal, or overnight conveyance costs, making the Internet a modest and fast correspondences medium. Visiting: Numerous working environments have representatives conveying intelligently utilizing visit or texting instruments. Talking empowers at least two individuals who are at the same time associated with the Internet to hold live, intelligent discussions. Visit frameworks presently bolster voice and video talk just as composed discussions. Numerous online retail organizations offer talk benefits on their Web locales to draw in guests, to empower rehash buys, and to improve client support. Texting: Instant informing is a kind of visit administration that empowers members to make their own private talk channels. The texting framework cautions the client at whatever point somebody on their private rundown is on the web so the client can start a talk meeting with others. Texting frameworks for buyers incorporate Yahoo! Ambassador, Google Talk, and Windows Live Messenger. Organizations worried about security utilize exclusive texting frameworks, for example, Lotus Sametime. News Groups: Newsgroups are overall conversation bunches posted on Internet electronic release sheets on which individuals share data and thoughts on a characterized subject, for example, radiology or musical gangs. Anybody can post messages on these notice sheets for others to peruse. A huge number of gatherings exist that examine practically all possible subjects. Document Transfer Protocol(FTP): Transferring records starting with one PC then onto the next PC. These documents can be moved through web by utilizing correspondence software’s like visiting, texting and many. Web: The Web is the most mainstream Internet administration. It’s a framework with all around acknowledged guidelines for putting away, recovering, organizing, and showing data utilizing customer/server design. Pages are designed utilizing hypertext with inserted joins that associate archives to each other and that likewise connect pages to different articles, for example, sound, video, or liveliness documents. At the point when you click a realistic and a video cut plays, you have clicked a hyperlink. †¢Define and portray VoIP and virtual private systems, and clarify how they offer some benefit to organizations. The Internet has likewise become a mainstream stage for voice transmission and corporate systems administration. Voice over IP (VoIP) innovation conveys voice data in computerized structure utilizing bundle exchanging, dodging the tolls charged by neighborhood and significant distance phone systems. Calls that would customarily be transmitted over open phone systems travel over the corporate system dependent on the Internet Protocol, or the open Internet. Voice calls can be made and gotten with a PC furnished with a receiver and speakers or with a VoIP-empowered phone. In spite of the fact that there are straightforward speculations required for an IP telephone framework, VoIP can diminish correspondence and system the executives costs by 20 to 30 percent. A Virtual Private Network (VPN) is a protected, scrambled, private system that has been designed inside an open system to exploit the economies of cale and the board offices of enormous systems, for example, the Internet). A VPN furnishes your firm with secure, scrambled interchanges at a much lower cost than similar capacities offered by customary non-Internet suppliers who utilize their private systems to make sure about correspondences. VPNs additionally give a system framework to consolidating voice and information systems . A few contending conventions are utilized to ensure information transmitted over the open Internet, including Point-to-Point Tunneling Protocol (PPTP). †¢List and depict elective methods of finding data on the Web. The different elective methods of finding data on the Web are in particular: Search Engines: Search motors endeavor to take care of the issue of finding valuable data on the Web almost in a flash, and, ostensibly, they are the â€Å"killer app† of the Internet period. Today’s web crawlers can filter through HTML documents, records of Microsoft Office applications, PDF documents, just as sound, video, and picture documents. There are many diverse web crawlers on the planet, however most by far of query items are provided by three top suppliers: Google, Yahoo! what's more, Microsoft’s Bing web search tool. Wise Agent Shopping Bots : Shopping bots utilize wise specialist programming for scanning the Internet for shopping data. Shopping bots, for example, MySimon or Google Product Search can help individuals keen on making a buy channel and recover data about results of intrigue, assess contending items as indicated by models the clients have built up, and haggle wit h sellers for cost and conveyance terms. A large number of these shopping operators look the Web for evaluating and accessibility of items indicated by the client and returns a rundown of destinations that sell the thing alongside valuing data and a buy interface. Web-Blogs: A blog, the well known term for a Weblog, is an individual Web webpage that normally contains a progression of ordered passages (most current to most established) by its creator, and connections to related Web pages. The blog may incorporate a blog roll (an assortment of connections to different online journals) and trackbacks (a rundown of passages in different websites that allude to a post on the principal blog Wiki’s: Wikis, interestingly, are community oriented Web destinations where guests can include, erase, or adjust content on the website, including crafted by past creators. Wiki programming regularly gives a format that characterizes design and components basic to all pages, shows client editable programming program code, and afterward renders the substance into a HTML-based page for show in a Web program. Person to person communication: Social systems administration destinations empower clients to fabricate networks of companions and expert associates. Individuals each ordinarily make a â€Å"profile,† a Web page for posting photographs, recordings, MP3 documents, and content, and afterward share these profiles with others on the administration distinguished as their â€Å"friends† or contacts. Long range interpersonal communication destinations are profoundly intelligent, offer ongoing client control, depend on client produced content, and are comprehensively founded on social cooperation and imparting of substance and insights. †¢Compare Web 2. 0 and Web 3. 0. Web 2. 0 encourages cooperation between web clients and locales, so it permits clients to communicate all the more openly with one another. Web 2. 0 empowers cooperation, coordinated effort, and data sharing. This web 2. 0 is likewise called as â€Å"Second age World Wide Web. † Examples of Web 2. 0 applications are Youtube, Wi

When Should I Start Touring Colleges TKG

When Should I Start Touring Colleges We get this question a lot, and it’s an important one to ask because oftentimes students come to us the summer before their senior year not having visited one school. To be frank, that is kind of an *almost* worst-case scenario. By that time you should have your school list nearly together and have begun working on your Common App personal statement. For that reason, we encourage our students to begin touring colleges the spring of their sophomore year. But the best time would be to plan a trip during the summer between your sophomore and junior year.This is because you have an ample amount of time and no school. It’s truly not necessary to begin visiting before sophomore spring. Trust us. It will just conjure up stress and overthinking too early in the process. We try to condense this entire process as much as possible. If you follow our timeline from the beginning, we can essentially make it so that you are done with the toughest aspects (and bulk) of the application process by the time you go back to school for your senior year. Yep, you read that correctly. We’ve put together a sample schedule for looking at schools below, so that you can start to visualize these next few years. Sophomore YearMarch/April: Start researching colleges online to get a feel for schools you might be interested in. Want to go to school in a city? In the mountains of New Hampshire? On the beach? Want to study engineering? Politics? Live in a suite? A townhouse? There are endless options, so start clicking around and see what appeals to you.July/August: Plan a trip to just one college to begin, and go from there. By seeing one college, you’ll get a good idea of things that you liked and did not like about the school. We recommend looking at an “extreme” school to start, whatever your gut is telling you. Perhaps you’re drawn to a smaller, more isolated college like Williams, Colgate, or Dartmouth, or a larger, more urban one like UCLA, Georgetown, or Tulane. Regardless of what you choose, this first experience will help you understand the various components to look for going forward. You’ll be surprised at how instinctively you react to the school.Junior Year  All of that said, we understand that a great deal of you might be reading this during your junior year. Do us a favor and take a breath. It’s totally fine. Most people (and high schools) operate according to the perspective that the college process begins during your junior year of high school. If you’re a junior, then we suggest that you immediately tour a college nearby (read: accessible by train or bus) to get a sense of a college campus and start to think about what you like or don’t like. Like we said above, it’s best to start with just one, and you’ll immediately realize that you like some aspects and dislike others. This will significantly impact the trajectory of your school visit list. From there, you can use your upcoming spring break and summer, as well as long weekend s, to plan trips to see colleges that are in line with what you want in terms of location, size, departments, housing options, etc. We can help you figure out your list relatively quickly if you’d like, just drop us a line.After your visits: Be sure to write your thoughts down. That is, after you complete your tour and information session, walk around a bit, grab a bite to eat, and pop into a library or two. It’s important to write down your thoughts so that you can come back to them later. After a few college visits, it’s inevitable that you’ll forget some things that struck you.Write a personalized thank you note to your host/tour guide/anyone you met along the way. And now, repeat 6-10 times over the next few breaks. We know that this process can seem overwhelming, but we promise that it can be fun. Choosing where you’re going to spend your 4 years of college is an exciting opportunity. We’d be happy to help you start planning your college visits, and even if you ’re a bit behind, we can help you get on track. Call or email us and let’s get a plan together. When Should I Start Touring Colleges Let’s start by saying that if you’re reading this right now and you’re a junior, you should have started yesterday. But to be fair, this is a question we often get from everyone from parents of students in 8th grade to high school seniors, so we’re going to expand on this. As it goes for college tours, you should start before you think you should start. The ideal time to start the process is first semester of sophomore year of high school. But before you ask…Isn’t junior year “the college year”? Can’t I just wait until then? It wouldn’t be a good idea. You’ll have more than enough on your plate. I want my kid to get ahead. Can’t we start freshman year? It’s probably too soon. A freshman is still adjusting to high school, so the touring process can be very overwhelming. Plus, they’ll have a hard time relating to students on campus because of the age gap. Here’s why sophomore year is best:  The college process has been slightly demystified. A high school sophomore has friends, or at least acquaintances that are applying and/or going to college within a year. They’ve heard about it and have probably started thinking about what the college process will be like for themselves. The first tour is still going to be overwhelming, but time will be on your side if you start sophomore year. You’re going to realize just how much you don’t know about the process, but you still have time to figure it out. Because you still have ample time left, you can go to the college around the block. Or a few exits down the highway. Pick any college to get the process started. We’ve written about how the first college you tour should be the one closest to your home. This is because the goal of the first college tour is not to find the end all be all, it’s to create a basis for comparison for all tours to come. All this adds up to the fact that starting college tours as a sophomore makes for a much less stressful experience. During your first tour, tune into what you like and don’t like about the school. Better yet, bring along our college visit notepad. We suggest writing things down as your tour and immediately after: if you take detailed notes you’ll be better suited to pick out subsequent schools to look at.    Want help figuring out where you should tour? Reach out here.

The Importance of a Business Plan Essay - 717 Words

When it comes to starting a business it is important to have Business Plan. The value of a business plan is important in the startup of an organization. The value of proper business plan in an organization can determine if the organization will withstand over of time or for years to come for that matter. In implementing a proper business plan, proper planning in it self is important and valuable to the process. Planning helps in ensuring that the organization can withstand and remain as an essential asset to the needs of the community and helps in providing an impact on the city tax base. A valuable business plan can also allow the company to look at ahead at its projected profits and loss to be able to give their shareholders the return†¦show more content†¦Short-range planning is for the company to have goals that will be rewarding and easy to obtain. Long-range planning for the most part seems to be more difficult to adjust and is often times less rewarding. When external environments are frequently changing management with staff need to ask how to develop plan of actions that will remain relevant. Planning should be no less important in such a forever evolving environment it needs to be more important. Businesses that operate to just make profit normally operate without ethics. When a business is not held to standards of accountability it would be as to have another Enron or a Bernie Maddoff situation. Sociologist Raymond Baumhart wanted to know from business people what ethics meant to them and some of the replies were â€Å"Ethics has to do with what my feelings tell me is right or wrong. Ethics has to do with my religious beliefs. Being ethical is doing what the law requires. Ethics consists of the standards of behavior our society accepts. Lack of proper marketing in a business is one of the main reasons a lot of businesses have not succeeded. Strategy planning determines whether one will live or die or whether they fail or succeed. Marketing strategy is a process that should allow any organization or business to focus its limited funds or resources onShow MoreRelatedThe Importance of Business Plans for an Organization1292 Words   |  5 PagesThe business plan is of critical importance for any organization. The business plan lays down the blueprint for how the organization will be run, in what markets and products, and how the organizations financials should look. For the entrepreneur, the business plan is essential because the different things contained in the business plan will force the entrepreneur to critically examine every aspect of his or her business. This paper will outline some of the key components of a business plan, andRead MoreThe Importance of Corporate Finance in a Business Plan2232 Words   |  9 Pagesresearch is done by the request of the potential investors in the 5 Aces business club on the basis of the business plan provided. Problem faced: The importance of corporate finance in a business plan. The author of the paper is a 3rd year bachelor student in corporate finance Olga Jegorova. The aim of the paper is to elaborate the recommendations on the corporate finance importance when faced with a business plan analysis based on the theory and particular cases. To achieve the aim followingRead MoreThe Importance of a Well-Written Business Plan945 Words   |  4 PagesLong-term Development Plan This involves analysis of the risk and exit plan, considering the facts and step to be taken to ensure sustainability of the program in the long-term. This is of utmost importance, given that HIV/AIDS is still without any vaccine or cure and the best way out is prevention of the infection (Battle, 2009). Thus, spreading the word and educating teenagers and involving their parents in the education and prevention strategies will go a long way in reducing the number of teenagersRead MoreImportance of a Good Business Plan to an Organization1991 Words   |  8 PagesCollege: Tutor: Date: Importance of a Good Business Plan to an Organization Executive Summary For a business to succeed in its operations, there are underlying factors that play a major role in its success. Among the factors is a good business plan that determines the objective of a company, demand and supply factors as well as good business ethics all these work closely to define a good business environment both in the short run and in the long run. Introduction A business plan is a vital requirementRead MoreThe Importance Of A Business Continuity And Disaster Recovery Plan For Information Systems Essay1326 Words   |  6 PagesThere is need to ensure that there is continuity of information and adequate recovery of the same in business continuity planning and disaster recovery processes. Individuals and firms therefore have to improve their incident response capability in light of increasing attacks that are cyber security related. These attacks have become diverse and more disruptive while causing greater damage. The number of security related incidents cannot be completely reduced, but the incident response capabilityRead MoreDisasters Are Not Always Preventable, But There Are Methods1576 Words   |  7 PagesManagement can create a business continuity plan also known as a disaster relief plan. There are several other names for this plan such as disaster preparedness, disaster contingency planning, and disaster recovery planning. Disaste r planning requires an immense amount of management to facilitate all areas of the plan. Through my research I will provide information of the importance, how a disaster continuity plan is created, and what management is needed to implement and maintain the plan. To achieve myRead MoreAssignments: Managing Business Activities to Achieve Results1060 Words   |  5 PagesCredit value: †¢ Aim UNIT 15: MANAGING BUSINESS ACTIVITIES TO ACHIEVE RESULTS Managing Business Activities to Achieve Results J/601/0946 4 15 credits The aim of this unit is to provide learners with the understanding and skills to manage their activities in the business workplace to improve their effectiveness and efficiency. †¢ Unit abstract This unit focuses on the effective and efficient planning and management of business work activities. It gives learners with understandingRead MoreAction Adventures 21353 Words   |  6 PagesConduct an internal and external environmental analysis for your proposed business. †¢ Use the information obtained from your internal and external analysis, as well as the lesson learned from the Considerations of a Strategic Plan: List assignment. †¢ Create a SWOTT table summarizing your findings. Your environmental analysis should take into account, at a minimum, the following factors. For each factor, identify the one primary strength, weakness, opportunity, threat, and trend, and includeRead Moreis3110 project1391 Words   |  6 PagesProject Project: Risk Management Plan Purpose This project provides an opportunity to apply the competencies gained in the units of this course to develop a risk management plan for a specific business problem related to an organization’s identification of an outdated plan. Required Source Information and Tools The following tools and resources that will be needed to complete this project: ï‚ § Course textbook ï‚ § Internet access for research ï‚ § Defense Logistics Agency: www.dla.mil Learning ObjectivesRead MoreMalcolm Baldrige National Quality Program Paper1283 Words   |  6 Pagesmoney. The Importance of Marketing in Organizational Success The degree of importance is arguable based on the industry, but I can t think of any business that can survive without giving some thought to the way in which they grow demand for what they re selling. In many businesses, marketing needs to be a core concern, and often the overriding concern when it comes to running a successful business. The importance of marketing in organization success is the competition

Relationships Between Amir, His Father And Hassan - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1151 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/06/14 Category Literature Essay Level High school Tags: The Kite Runner Essay Did you like this example? A relationship with your father is really important in your life as well as a relationship with a close friend. In the story, The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini, Amir had maintained and developed these kinds of relationships throughout the story. Amir and Baba had always had a rough relationship while Baba had an ideal idea for his son, which Amir could not reach, resulting in them not being close like a normal father-son. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Relationships Between Amir, His Father And Hassan" essay for you Create order Amir and Hassan had many different ideas on their relationship. Amir thought of it as a friend or as a servant relationship. Amir was too prideful of his idea of Hassan being his servent that it has caused some problems, which caused the relationship to take a turn for the worse. Hassan and Sohrab had a valuable father-son relationship, which unfortunately had to end when Hassan got killed and Sohrab losing his father figure. When Amir comes into Sohrabrs life, he turns into the new father figure of Sohrab by taking on both characteristics of Baba and Hassan. Throughout the story of The Kite Runner by Khaled Hosseini, Amir has developed different kinds of relationships with Baba and Hassan which helped him develop a better relationship with Sohrab. Baba and Amir never had the best father-son relationship due to many problems in which Amir not feeling the full love his father was supposed to give him which cause Amir to try to find ways to make satisfy his father no matter what. Amir would do anything to get Babars love which could bring Amir to do some regretful things. Baba would want the best for Amir but, that is part of the problem when he said, By Baba saying this, it seems like Baba wants Amir to be like him. One big thing is that Baba does not understand is that Amir is in need of his fatherrs love and that he needs his approval. This brings their relationship farther away due to Baba always being disappointed in Amir if he does not do anything the way Baba want to which causes Baba to be cold towards his son. Baba does show some concern for Amir but Baba does not really care for him like a son nor does he really would believe if that was his son if he did not see the Even though Baba is smart, he just does not know that Amir may not be like him, and also that he does not see that Amir does try his hardest to find a way into Babars heart especially during the Kite Runner match. The results of Babars actions, he made Amir believed that winning a match would be the blue kite was the (Hosseini 71) would be better than what he did to Hassan. Amirrs thirst to win Babars heard could be the reason why Amir did not stop Hassan from getting raped, which ruined Amirrs and Hassan friendship. Amir and Hassan had a relationship that would be like best friends, but due to Amirrs pride, the one-sided relationship caused Amir to make mistakes that suddenly changed his relationship with Hassan. There were many times where Amir would have just thought he was a friend and then there were times where he just thought of him as a servant. Hassan does not think that though. He treats Amir like a best friend and a loyal one as well. Many times throughout the story Hassan yells This shows that Hassan would not hesitate to do things for Amir. Hassan is so loyal to Amir, which is shown many times in the story. The time when Hassan was running for the blue kite is one example. Hassan risked his life, running out of his masterrs control, just to grab the kite for him. Unfortunately, it did not turn out well as Hassan did get raped. Amir could have helped Hassan and said their relationship but he had other plans as he thought He allowed Assef to rape Hassan just because he thought that Has san was someone different than him. Hassan put himself above Amir when he refused to hand over the blue kite to Assef but Amir could have not done that for Amir. Hassan takes their relationship seriously but Amir just takes it for granted. Amir will soon learn that he will greatly regret that choice in the future, which he would need to make up for. The relationship between Amir and Sohrab could be important due Sohrabrs lost of his father figure in his life as well as Amir is redeeming himself from what he had done to Hassan in the past. The father-son relationship is a big theme in the story as it portrays the different relationship conflicts there were during the story. The moment Amir heard that Sohrab, Hassanrs son, was stuck in an orphanage, he was very hesitant to help him but now he knows that Sohrab needs him there whether he says it or not. Without Hassan, Amir had to take on the role of the father figure for Sohrab. During the time where Amir was trying to adopt Sohrab, he made mistakes, just like Baba. He tries to get Sohrab to understand that he had to put him in the orphanage for a little while but when Sohrab responds with he made a mistake. He knows that Sohrab hates the orphanage due to all of his memories that had happened there. When Amir makes the mistake, it is similar to how Baba made mistakes but not able to return them as well as how he was not considerate of Sohrabrs feelings. In the end, Amir tries to redeem himself. As he also takes on Hassanrs styling of parenting, which is showing love to him for just being himself . Amir had the chance to teach Sohrab kite running, which relates back to Amir and Hassanrs relationship and how Hassan would always teach his old memories to his son. Amirrs attempts to become a good father did not go to waste when, . He was making progress on his father-son relationship between him and Sohrab. By having a relationship with Sohrab and taking care of him, Amir had redeemed himself from ruining his relationship with Hassan earlier. The relationships between Amir and his father and Hassan had been able to shape the relationship he was able to have with Sohrab. He was shown to use both characteristics from Baba and Hassan. With the way Baba raised him, he was finally able to go and take a risk and save Sohrab but, he was inconsiderate of Sohrabrs feeling at the time. On the opposite end of the spectrum, he was able to use Hassanrs characteristics to teach Sohrab kite running and it could relive some memories with Hassan. These relationships were shown throughout The Kite Runner and each one of the relationships had help Amir develop into a better father figure for Sohrab.

Computer Is The Best Innovation - 1834 Words

Computers is the best innovation, which be connected from various perspectives fields such as mechanical, hardware, apply autonomy and so on. Machine helps individuals and make their life simpler and their movement more beneficial, however there has showed up an issue of the machine compulsion or reliance, particularly among the youngsters. Computers are advantageous gadgets that a considerable lot of us utilize every day. Computers plays vital role of our lives, permitting us to telecommute, stay in contact with each other, for example, funds, stocks and offers, and worldwide news. Individuals can now hunt down practically everything without exception. There is truly an entire universe of information readily available when we log on to the World Wide Web. A few sites give free assets to understudies and experts. Be that as it may remember - machines are not secure. They crash. They get bugs. They can misconstrue words and provide for you an alternate one than the one you needed. Cha racter misrepresentation is not something you need either. Organizations can spam your inbox. Programmers can take your cash. There are trackers and infections that can log each key you write including passwords. Individual data can be spilled into the obscure domain of the web. Furthermore individuals can get to be fixated. In any case, this is all most likely down to the individual utilizing the machine. There is no mixing up that the web and machines have profited the majority of our generalShow MoreRelatedIs Apple’s Strategy Evolving? Essay1476 Words   |  6 Pagesleaders of innovation in their industry however, they were behind the competition in many of the early stages of their life. They were responsible for things such as the first color display, and the user-friendly graphical user interface. Apple followed a broad differentiation strategy. This allowed them to compete in a wider market of products while keeping loyal customers due to their variety of specializ ation of their products. In the early 1980s, Apple was focused on personal computers. OtherRead MoreThe Greatest Invention Of My Lifetime1480 Words   |  6 Pages that invention is computer. It is evident how life has changed since technology has been introduced in the human life. When we think of technology the first thing that comes to our mind is the image of a computer. Computer is an electronic device used for storing and processing data, typically in a binary form, according to the instructions given to it in a variable program. Computers make our lives totally distinctive. Our current generous improvement is because of computers in numerous rangesRead MoreDell Computers Strategy1703 Words   |  7 PagesDell Computers Strategy Global companies play an important role in the business environment, because they connect their business together around the world. A good example of a global company is Dell Inc., an American computer-hardware company, headquartered in Austin Texas, which develops, manufactures, sells and supports a wide range of personal computers, servers, data storage devices, network switches, personal digital assistants (PDAs), software, computer peripherals, and more. They designRead More Technological Innovation Essay920 Words   |  4 PagesTechnological Innovation Works Cited Missing Technological innovation makes daily life more convenient and enjoyable for everyone. However, technological breakthroughs also produce social and ethical consequences. Computers are no exception to this rule. These products of modern technology can store massive amounts of information which help us perform at our best. However, they also generate new ethical dilemmas regarding who is able to access that information and how theyRead MoreEssay about Apple Inc.1659 Words   |  7 Pagesbillion-dollar corporation, Apple Inc., designs and manufactures some of today’s highest technological gizmos and gadgets. Among their best known products are the Apple and Macintosh computers, iPods, iTunes, iPhones and iPads. Apple is one of the most powerful and influential high tech companies in the world. The success of Apple Inc. stems from the innovation and visions of co-founder and entrepreneur, Steve Jobs, the excellence of the stylish, user-friendly products, an d the ability to createRead MoreCyber Security : The Protection Of Computers1500 Words   |  6 Pagespeople who have nefarious plans for it. Cyber Security spawned from the technology age. With so many people online and some much data flowing freely, it was only a matter of time before something bad happened. Cyber security is the protection of computers, networks, and pretty much anything that deals with an internet connection from being accessed or used in an unauthorized manner. All types of things that involve interacting with another service on the internet can be a possible threat to your personalRead MoreApple s Vision : Apple Inc.935 Words   |  4 Pagesmultinational corporation headquartered in Cupertino, California, that designs, develops, and sells consumer electronics, computer software, online services, and personal computers. It was established on Apr 1, 1976 by Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak and Ronald Wayne. Its best-known hardware products are the Mac line of computers, the iPod media player, the iPhone smartphone, and the iPad tablet computer. Its online services include iCloud, iTunes Store, and App Store . Apple s consumer software includes the OS XRead MoreEssay on Case Study- The Amazon of Innovation1744 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿The Amazon of Innovation Amazon is a company we all know and love. The company is widely known for its online retail shopping, it’s popular Kindle Series with e-bookstore, along with their cloud and order fulfillment services amongst many other things. Amazon has become a great example of a perfect collaboration system and utilizing all of its information systems. With the vast history of Amazon we can begin to ask certain questions that would help understand Amazon and its continual success inRead MoreInnovation Stratagy Paper Str 581 Week 2943 Words   |  4 PagesInnovation Strategy Paper Amos U. Wilson, II, Belinda Cardenas, Laura Lopez, Russell Blankman University of Phoenix SRT/581—Strategic Planning and Implementation Corky Sarvis Innovation Strategy Paper Innovation strategies are critical to business success and longevity. They allow companies to remain competitive in current trends and set the pace for future trends. VIZIO is an organization that provides high definition entertainment options and unmatchable value through televisionsRead MoreComputer Engineering At Shanghai Jiao Tong University961 Words   |  4 PagesDuring my college career, through various challenging courses and research experience, as a computer engineering major, I not only obtained a solid background knowledge in this field but developed an analytical mind for research and a passion to continuing working in computer architecture. After deliberating on my future, I decided to apply for the Ph.D. program at (department of Computer Science Engineering) at (the Pennsylvania State University). I was honored to be admitted to the dual degree

Selecta Criteria Organizational Performance -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Questions: Do You Think It Is Worth Considering Or Not And Why? How Could They Assist The Company? Are There Any Services Offered That The Company Just Doesnt Need Right Now? How Expensive Is It And Do You Think It Provides Good Value For Money? Should They Use PRS And For What Activities And Why? Answers: Introducation The strategy that John Readings Pty. Ltd can use is that of advertising and marketing for their external recruitment process. Given the present scenario, internal recruitment is unsuitable for them. This is owing to their current location in Western Australia that they do not have good candidates with them. So, it would be good if they can recruit candidates from outside. The best way to do this is by selecting the candidates from outside through advertisements. Online advertisements can also be very helpful because in the modern day scenario, people are very active on social media and there are management who try to update their resumes and find the best jobs for themselves through online job apps like LinkedIn or job portals. The major advantage will be that the company will be able to bring some fresher who will be having some fresh ideas and work skills (Ekwoaba et al. 2015). Selection The recruited candidates will be selected totally on fair and unbiased grounds. They will have to appear both for the written and the viva. The written test will see their technical skills and the vibe will be based on several realistic questions that will see the psyche and the powers of judgment of the candidates. Induction The initial phases of induction will mainly be directed towards doing a good introduction to the employees and the managers. They will be introduced with the incentive plans, the employee benefit programs and the rest of the induction plan will be directed towards making them acquainted with the operations of the company and any existing issues and how they are going to address the same with their abilities. Review and update the Recruitment policy for John Readings what works and what is missing? Rewrite it to include any missing clauses. One of the most important clauses that are missing is the Equal Opportunities policy. This policy or clause will assure the candidates that there will be no biases or any favoritism done in the recruitment or in the selection of the candidates. Read the proposal from Professional Recruitment Solutions PRS developed by PRS for John Readings and critically review it. Yes, considering this is necessary because it will really be very helpful in providing a proper recruitment process. One of the most important services that can be used by the company is the advertisement of their recruitment and their vacancies online. This system will make use of their internet site ww.profesionaltrecruitmenet.com.au. They will make use of this website to recruit fresher for this company. It will be bit expensive and will also be based on the time and the materials or the sources that will be needed to carry on the recruitment. The company will have to allocate and use the resources in a proper manner. What would you recommend to the company Yes, the company must use the PRS in their recruitment policy. They can use it for advertising about their company and their new recruitment and their vacancies. As they will mainly be focusing on the external recruitment process, online advertising of their vacancies through the internet sites of PRS (McCabe 2017) Using the information provided by the company and, taking into account its plans for expansion into Asia and beyond, design the: Recruitment process (from strategic analysis of job need, position description, and KSC, the job sourcing process, legal framework, application form, pre-screening process etc.) There will be external recruitment followed for this company. The strategic analysis will be done The selection process (from initial screening, employment testing, preparation for interview, type of interview, scoring processes, selection guidelines, offer of employment, contract etc.) The selection will be done n a fair and a just manner. Candidates will be attending both written and oral tests. It is through the aggregate marks of the employees that they will be selected. There will be a contract that the candidates will be on a probation period for 3months. The induction processes Induction process will mainly be directed towards introducing the new candidates with their superiors. This induction process will also help them understand all the functions and operations of the company and any current issues existing within the same and how can they deliver their performance to solve them (Khattak et al. 2015). The probationary performance management process It will be mainly for a span of 3 months where the candidates will be given the on job training and the scope for learning. Design a job advertisement for an online posting for one of the new positions sought by John Readings. This is to invite applications for the post of senior sales executive. People with an experience of at least 2yeras in the field of accounting and sales will be preferred. Develop a position description for one of the new jobs identified in the domestic market expansion and then identify the key selection criteria for each of the positions to be advertised in the domestic expansion plan. The position is that of a senior sales executive who will be selected based on his experience in the field of marketing and management. He must also be flexible in traveling for his job. Design a behavioral interview set of questions and the weighting and scoring system (in a template) for one of the new positions required by the company's domestic expansion. What are the job roles and responsibilities of a senior sales manager? Why should we recruit you for this post? Prepare and write a letter of offer and contract of employment for one of the positions filled in your recruitment for the new domestic expansion and write a letter to the unsuccessful candidates. It is really a displeasure to declare that the recruitment of the candidates for the post of senior sales manager has been done based on the marks obtained in the written exams and as well as the GD and PI. Extra marks also were allotted for experience Write an induction policy and procedure for John Readings. The induction will continue over a period of 3 months and the recruited candidates will be given time to understand all their job roles and responsibilities and show their competency. However, the concerned authorities might also dismiss them if they fail to abide by the accepted rules and regulations of the company (Atkinson et al. 2016). Using all you know about John Readings design an induction program for the new staff recruited for the domestic expansion It is in this induction program, that the newly recruited staff will be given the on the job training. Select one of the new positions appointed and develop a set of performance criteria for the new employee to achieve during their probation. (include pc/measures, actions and timelines). A new position is that of the sales manager. During his probation period, he will be expected to meet the sales target within the given time. The duration of his probation period will be 3months. Develop a policy and procedure for managing the probationary employment period include the performance management requirements and the process required for unsatisfactory job performance leading to dismissal as well as the process leading to ongoing/permanent employment. The candidates that are being recruited will be subjected to a probationary period. It is during this time that a manager will try to form an overview of the strength and weakness of the employees. The Probationary period will last for 3 months and this time will mainly be used as an on job learning come training for the candidates. However, along with the efficiency and the dedication of the employees, the managers of the company will also observe the overall conduct and the overall conduct of the employees. If the employees misbehave, then they can also be terminated by the manager of the company (Ekwoaba et al. 2015). References Atkinson, C., Mallett, O. and Wapshott, R., 2016. You try to be a fair employer: Regulation and employment relationships in medium-sized firms.International Small Business Journal,34(1), pp.16-33. Ekwoaba, J.O., Ikeije, U.U. and Ufoma, N., 2015. The impact of recruitment and selection criteria on operations performance.Global Journal of Human Resource Management,3(2), pp.22-23. Khattak, A.N., Ramzan, S. and Rehman, C.A., 2015. Organization Development through effective Hiring System: A phenomenological study of business organizations.The Journal of Commerce,7(4), p.152. McCabe, M.B., 2017. Socialedia marketing strategies for career advancement: An analysis of LinkedIn. Journal of Business and Behavioral Sciences, 29(1), p.85.

My Last Duchess Essays (462 words) - My Last Duchess,

My Last Duchess A dramatic monologue is defined as a poem in which a single character is speaking to a person or persons- usually about an important topic. The purpose of most dramatic monologues is to provide the reader with an overall or intimate view of the character's personality. A great poet can use punctuation and rhythm to make the poem appear as if it were an actual conversation. Robert Browning, known as the father of the dramatic monologue, does this in his poem, "My Last Duchess." The Duke of Ferrara, the speaker in "My Last Duchess," is portrayed as a jealous, arrogant man who is very controlling over his wife. The Duke of Ferrara was made jealous by everything the duchess did, no matter how unimportant it was. He was especially jealous of Fra Pandolf, the man who painted the duchess in the poem. A woman should be pleased only by her husband, as was not the case with the duchess and Fra Pandolf. She was "too easily impressed" by the painter (line 23). Fra Pandolf was not the only man that made the duke jealous. Everyone who passed the duchess received "much the same smile" as the duke (line 44). The duke expected to be the only man to receive a smile from his wife. Another aspect of the duke's character addressed in the poem is his condescending attitude. Two times in the poem the duke needlessly told the names of the artists who created the masterpieces that he owned (lines 3 & 56). He felt superiority over the emissary he was speaking to by dropping these names. The duke addressed the emissary as a"never read stranger" (line 6). Not only was it patronizing for the duke to call him a stranger, but he called him unintelligent too. The third character trait of the duke is his controlling behavior. In lines nine and ten he told the emissary that no one "puts by the curtain" that he had drawn for him but the duke himself. He felt the need to control who ever looked at the painting of the duchess. The main evidence of his dominating behavior is in line 46. The line reads, "...then all smiles stopped together." The line is ambiguous, but the most likely interpretation is that the duke had his wife killed. The poem can be interpreted in several different ways, but in all cases the duke is a very controlling man. Although "My Last Duchess" was set centuries in the past, lessons can be learned from it and used in today's society. No single moral lies beneath the poem but if one had to be found, it would be the golden rule. Do unto others as you would like them to do unto you. One would surely agree that the duke gained nothing by being the way he was. Nothing but kindness gets a person ahead, no matter what society that person is from.

Employment Law and Employee Relations Assignment The WritePass Journal

Employment Law and Employee Relations Assignment Introduction Employment Law and Employee Relations Assignment ) as well as the non-statutory guide that is also created by ACAS. More formally, S98 of ERA states that in order for an individual to be dismissed the employer is required to have acted reasonably and following a suitable disciplinary process would be a key component of this. In the event that the process is not followed and Frank then claims unfair dismissal the failure to follow the process could result in an uplift of any award by 25% (Section 207 of Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992). Firstly it is necessary for the employer to consider whether formal action is necessary. It is not clear whether previous misdemeanours or poor performance has been dealt with formally or informally and this should be looked at as a matter of priority. However for the purposes of this advice it is suggested that these have not been dealt with formally in any way. Where a discussion is to be recorded formally on the record of an employee, as is likely to be the case her section 11 of the Employment Relations Act 1999 will become relevant and the statutory right to be accompanied needs to be taken into account. It was confirmed in the case of Sarkar (2010) that where the disciplinary could result in dismissal it is not acceptable to use an informal process. The potential loss here is substantial and therefore it is possible that the Council could be looking at gross misconduct. Frank has the qualifying period of 2 years service and could therefore potentially claim unfair dismissal making it vital that the processes are followed correctly.   The employer needs to act promptly as if it fails to indicate the severity of the situation to the employee there is a danger that it would be seen to have affirmed the contract and accepted the employees repudiatory breach (Cook, 2009). A full investigation is necessary which will then potentially lead to the disciplinary procedure. The position of the employer should however be reserved for the duration of the investigation. During the investigatory meeting and the disciplinary meeting (if there is one subsequent) the employee has the right to be accompanied. The level of investigation necessary is dependent on the severity of the accusation (A, 2003). Where an employee is at a serious risk of long term impact for example being dismissed and receiving a professional detriment a much more thorough investigation is required. Based on this and the underlying need to act reasonably Frank should be suspended in order for the investigation to take place. He should be informed of his rights and obligations during the period and also how long he is likely to be suspended for. As the conduct is sufficiently severe that it could result in dismissal this is a crucial step and the investigations should be very thorough. There are concerns that the Council has been aware of performance issues and has not yet dealt with the matter. Furthermore it would seem unreasonable that a junior individual was able to make such a costly error and this will have to be born in mind when determining the severity of the disciplinary process to be followed. Sally Sally’s contractual status is questioned initially as she is currently working various hours with a weekend on call every month. Sally has been located at the Council office for 3 years with a set desk and specific hours. This level of control is considered to be sufficient to comply with the definition of employee as per section 230 of the ERA 1996. This is a matter of fact and law and it is suggested that as she was required to personally preform the contract and the Council had a high level of control she would be deemed to be an employee (Carmichael, 2000). Based on this it would be the case that Sally is entitled to the statutory minimum holiday which is 20 days (excluding 8 bank holiday days). Sally has requested a change to her current working hours which is dealt with a flexible working request and secondly she is likely to be interviewed alongside others for the full time vacancies which have now arisen, should she wish to apply and would not want to be discriminated against by virtue of her caring role for her terminally ill mother. Since June 2014, employees with at least 6 months’ continuous service have been able to apply for flexible working for any reason. The employer is then under a duty to deal with the request in a reasonable manner and be fair in the way that they treat the application (Duncan, 2012). Crucially, in accordance with section 13 of the EqA it is possible for an employer to be directly discriminating against an individual who is treated less favourably due to the disability of an associated person (Coleman 2008). This situation is potentially difficult for the Council to manage and there is at least some argument that Sally is not in fact an employee. On balance however this is not a valid argument given the prescriptiveness of the hours of work and the physical base in the council as well as the personal nature of the services provided. The Council would therefore be required to provide paid holiday and to provide Sally with her contract of employment. Furthermore any requests for flexible working would need to be dealt with fairly and when looking to fill full time roles, Sharon would have to ensure that she did not discriminate against Sally as this could result in disability discrimination despite the fact that the disability is not suffered by her directly.   Conclusions In summary, Jim should be offered a full and diligence grievance procedure to prevent him resigning and later claiming constructive unfair dismissal by virtue of sexual orientation discrimination. Frank should be dealt with formally through the use of the disciplinary procedure with a full investigation and if necessary a disciplinary that conforms with statutory requirements. Sally is, on balance, an employee and needs to be managed with due care to the disability discrimination rules and the need to be fair and reasonable when considering any flexible working requests. References ACAS (2012) Disciplinary and Grievance Procedures Available at: acas.org.uk/media/pdf/k/b/Acas_Code_of_Practice_1_on_disciplinary_and_grievance_procedures-accessible-version-Jul-2012.pdf A v B [2003] IRLR 405 Carmichael v National Power plc [2000] IRLR 43, Coleman v Attridge Law and another [2008] ICR 1128 Cook v MSHK Limited and another [2009] EWCA Civ 624, Corus Hotels plc v Woodward and another UKEAT/0536/05, Duncan, N (2012) Employment Law in Practice, City Law School (London, England, Oxford University Press) p.216 Employment Relations Act 1999 Employment Rights Act 1996 Equality Act (2010) Martin v Parkam Foods Ltd ET/1800241/06 Sarkar v West London Mental Health NHS Trust [2010] IRLR 508 Shamoon v Chief Constable of the Royal Ulster Constabulary [2003] ICR 337 (HL) Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992

Brand Personality Personal Statement Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 10000 words

Brand Personality - Personal Statement Example I need the first two chapters to review in three days, with journal reference. It is because, I make sure we do the right direction and we can discuss for the further. This will convenience for cooperate. Then keep going to develop the other. Of course, I need what topic you are going to do immediately. Pls, do not use too old journal except the original theory. In the first choice, I mainly study in how does brand personality affecting the purchasing intention or focus on the buying intention of consumer behaviour and attitude. All this idea is come from the journal Franz- Rudolf Esch and Tobias Langner 2006, "Are Brand forever How brand knowledge and relationships affect current and future purchases." Traci H. Freling and Lukas P. Forbes 2005, " An examination of brand personality through methodological triangulation, Traci H. Freling and Lukas P. Forbes 2005, "An empirical analysis of the brand personality effect" and Ulrich R.Orth and Renata De Marchi 2007, "Understanding the relationships between functional, symbolic, and experiential brand beliefs, product experiential attributes, and product schema: Advertising - trial interactions revisited." Refer to the attachment. In addition, it needs to explain why I use the digital or electric product to test it. It should needs to do one more same product category to compare with it, or to te st with different category. For the structure of the dissertation, I need t... d 1.2 the research context, 1.3 Objectives and Research question, 1.4 Motivation for the research, 1.5 Significance of the research, 1.6 Structure of the dissertation. It would be around 1000 words. In this chapter, I need strongly to point out why I go to do this project and what is the significance of this project by using the present theory or have theoretical/conceptual background. The most important thing is point out the gap in this paper. This is an argument dissertation. For the Hypothesis setting, it should be use the basics of Multi regression to process only. e.g. co-efficiency analysis, simple regression model or more complex regression model. Refer to the attachment. There is only we can use in this stage. In the objective and research question, the clearly flow chart to represent the relationship is required. In the chapter two, the literature review, the format would be 2.1 Introduction. 2.22.2.1.2.2.22.2.32.3.2.42.4.1...2.4.22.4.3and so onand the last one must have the summary or conclusion. In addition, they MUST have relationship and should relate to the topicit need systematically to develop it. I need the clearly flow chart to represent the relationship. And Why THOSE LITERATURES are related Words requirement around 3000. Chapter 3 of the methodology. I need the very simple and easy to understand for measure of the personality of buyer intent. (Deductive research) Just a simple, clear and logic step by step to measure (very common method for this measurement will be ok; of course it SHOULD BE the right method for this topic as we all know many method for different topic of different measurement). It will require such like 3.1 introductions, 3.2. research design, 3.3 data collects tools - Questionnaire/ interview, 3.4 data analysis and

Assignment #8, 9 and 10 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

#8, 9 and 10 - Assignment Example where there are both main effects and interaction, the measured main effect is usually diluted by the other main effect because the means are measured across all treatment levels. a. Positive and negative correlations- the points in a scatterplot will be rising towards the right of the graph when there is a positive correlation showing an increase in the dependent variable (in the Y-axis) with increasing levels of the independent variable (on the X-axis). A negative correlation is observed when the points in the scatterplot taper down towards the right corner of the graph. This shows that as the levels of the independent variable increase, the response or dependent variable is decreased. b. Strong and weak correlation – there is a strong correlation when the points in a scatterplot are close to each other and show a definite linear trend. This is very obvious when there is only a small range of values of the dependent variable (Y values) for a certain X value. A weak correlation is obvious when the points are widely dispersed in the plot; there is a whole range of Y values for a certain X value. The nature versus nurture issue is the debate on which determines an individual’s physical and behavioral characteristics: is it the genetic make-up (hereditary traits or nature); or the environment (personal experience or nurture)? Many behavioral studies deal with this issue by conducting twin and adoption studies. In these studies, traits are measured and correlated with genetic background and environmental factors. Using correlation studies, the cause and effect relationship between trait and environment, trait and genetics, can be determined. Correlation studies showed that some traits are highly determined by genes, while others are by environment; still in some traits, the percentage contribution of nature or nurture could vary. In bivariate analysis, the relationship between two quantitative variables (1 independent and 1 dependent) is studied. This

Downsizing Strategy Is Being Used Management Essay

Downsizing Strategy Is Being Used Management Essay Given the issues relating to this research field are introduced and research objectives are also be proposed carefully in Chapter 1. In Chapter 2, the researcher would like to continuous introduces the concepts, definitions and theories relevant to the issues that already mentioned in Chapter 1, through that, Chapter 2 will provide and build research hypothesis for research. Basically, Chapter 2 includes the main parts as follows (1) The definition of downsizing, (2) The definition of Survivors Syndrome, (3) The research hypothesis (4) Chapter summary. Definition of Downsizing In the economic context of continuos competitive, developing, changing and unpredictable, organizations suffering severe downturns in their business or facing difficulties, downsizing strategy is being used by many organizations in every industries and sectors with different goals and visions, their perception regarding the implementation of the downsizing policy within their organization also be different. There is not a single downsizing definition accepted by all researchers (Davis, Savage, Steward Chapman, 2003). There are many different definitions or understanding about downsizing, for example Cameron, (1994:194) defines downsizing as a positive and purposive strategy for organizations: a set of organizational activities undertaken on the part of management of an organization and designed to improve organizational efficiency, productivity, and/or competitiveness. Businesses for a long time that no longer considered downsizing as a situation solution in the hard time period, but they considered downsizing as an effective strategy to reduce costs, human focus, create job opportunites, increased job challenge and promotion. The right sizing contributes to better decision-making and the control of human resource so that the cost of expenditure can be cut short effectively. It develops a value system of proactive work culture where the members in the organisation get opportunity for better participation and involvement in the decision making process. It develops an ownership mentality among members and they shoulder forward an organization with more collaboration, fidelity, and accuracy. According to Mishra and Spreitzer (1998) defines downsizing has become the strategy favored by many organizations attempting to cope with fundamental, structural changes in the world economy. Or Freeman and Cameron (1993) defined downsizing as a set of activities, undertaken on the part of the management of an organization, designed to improve operational efficiency, productiv ity, and/or competitiveness. Downsizing as a deliberate reduction in size or complexity of a firms activities intended to improve the profitability, productivity, and/or competitiveness of the firms continuing operations(Legatski II, 1998). But in conclusion, most researches have defined downsizing as any reduction in the size of the organization (e.g. Budros, 1999; Cascio, 1993; Freeman Cameron, 1993; Kozlowski, Chao, Smith Hedlund, 1993). Downsizing, in general, refers to the reduction of work for certain organization. For employees, downsizing is considered as a management weapon to enforce greater control over the workforce. To management, it is a strategic measure to bring optimized operation efficiency and productivity in organization. Cameron and colleagues (e.g Cameron et all., 1991, 1993; Cameron, 1994b) have identified three organizational strategies to achieve downsizing: workforce reduction strategy, work redesign and systematic change. The first strategy is workfo rce reduction is typically a short-term strategy, which simply focuses on reducing organizations headcount. In a confirmatory study, Mishra and Mishra (1994) found that such strategy might lead to loss in valued organizational competency or negative outcome of those who remains. Human resource is essential and is a factor that makes the decision for the development of organizations. Lack of human resource will increase workload, anxiety about losing their jobs at any time, and these feeling leads to insecurity psychological, these are reasons that cause labor productivity reduced. Work reduction is applied by organizations through some programs such as attrition, early retirement or voluntary severance packages, layoffs and terminations. The second and third strategies are work redesign and systematic change strategies. While work reductions resulted is lead to reduction, rather than improvement, the work redesign and systematic change are positively related to organizational perfor mance in term of both cost reduction and quality improvement (Cameron et all.,1993; Mishra and Mishra, 1994) and to survivors (people who remains) of downsizing having a positive learning orientation (Farrell and Mavando, 2004). Many previous researches indicated that the use of workforce reduction is increasing and become popular despite the harmful impacts may arise for organization. Workforce reduction or simply called workforce downsizing is becoming the most popular strategy and a plethora of workforce reduction strategies for downsizing of employees has been proposed (e.g. Greenhalgh et al., 1988; Gutchess, 1985; Leana Feldman, 1992; Price, 1990). Whenever reduce equipments, machinesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ organizations can find out the outcome and its impact through simple calculations, but in workforce downsizing, the emotions, loyalty, and human effort can not simply calculate. In an organizational context, employees not only contribute their individual skills and knowledge, they also collaborate and integrate their separate skills toward creating firm capabilities. As such, both human and social capital-and therefore the commitment and the loyalty of employees-play an important role in dictating a firms c apacity to create competitive advantage. Reducing headcount may lead to immediate labor cost savings, but it can also seriously erode employee commitment and loyalty, with negative consequences for firm competitiveness and performance. So the questions are what the impacts of workforce downsizing to organizations are, how it effects, and what the advantage and disadvantage of the impact are? Some researches indicated the opinion that organizational downsizing produce better result in performance and productivity, while, others indicate downsizing as a threat to the human resources and existing organizational culture. Downsizing has been defined as an attempt to increase organizational effectiveness(Kozlowsky, et. al. 1993). Freeman Cameron (1993) and Tomasco (1990) indicate from their findings that the presumed benefits of downsizing include faster decision making, greater flexibility, and improvements in quality and increased efficiency and productivity. Cascio (1993:97) suggested that proponents of downsizing generally expect the following benefits: lower overheads, less bureaucracy, faster decision making, smoother communications, greater entrepreneurship and increases in productivity. Downsizing can suggest to financial markets or government funding agencies that an organization is cutting costs and reducing waste, which may increase availability of capital for subsequent activities (Cascio, 1993; Dial Murphy, 1995; Palmon, Sun Tang, 1997). Downsizing has been defined as an attempt to increase organizational effectiveness (Kozlowsky, et. al. 1993). It develops a value system of proactive work culture where the members in the organization get opportunity for better participation and involvement in the decision making process. It develops an ownership mentality among members and they shoulder forward an organization with more collaboration, fidelity, and accuracy. However, many others strongly disagree with those arguments and indicate that it has devastating effect on human morale, motivation, and productivity. Downsizing may provide a decrease in operating expenses in the near term, but the long term impacts may not be so positive (Difrances, 2002). Downsizing can lead to a loss of knowledge and experience base because of some laid off will be the people who worked for a long time with organization, old people, who may not have a fast and efficient action in work like young people, but they have extensive knowledge, experiences that young people learn in short time, loss available mentors for existing and new employees, loss of corporate culture, and downsizing can have direct impaction to the customers such as loss of established customer service and contacts. Therefore, whenever workforce downsizing is chosen by organizations in hard time or peaceful time, there is definite and obvious impact good or bad on organizations. But in all the affected elements, the human factor is probably the most affected element. They are staffs of organization, they dedicated their soul to the development of organization, they are people who be laid off or people who lucky enough to keep their job. The individuals who lose their jobs (called victims) are obviously the most affected by downsizing. Numerous researchers have focused on the impact of downsizing on workers whose employment is terminated due to reasons independent of job competence (Cappelli, 1992). These individuals are often known as the victims of downsizing due to research that documents the devastation of job loss, focusing on negative consequences in terms of psychological and physical well-heing (e.g., Bennett, Martin, Bies, Brockner, 1995; Cappeili, 1992; Fallick, 1996; Leana Feldman, 1 992). The real pains of downsizing cannot be minimized. Careers change, families struggle, and downsized victims suffer loss of prestige, income and security. While a few downsized individuals may be victims of their own past inefficiency, the vast number are those who have performed well and played by the rules but have become the victims of a changing economic environment. However, several researchers have analyzed those who remain in the downsized organization called survivors (e.g., Allen, Freeman, Russell, Reizenstein, Rentz, 2001; Appelbaum Donia, 2001; Brockner, 1988a; 1992; 1995; Brockner, Grover, OMalley, Reed, Glynn, 1993; Cascio, 1993; Mollica Gray, 2001; Noer, 1993; ONeill Lenn, 1995; Shah, 2000). The survivors of downsizing are not the happy campers, grateful to have their jobs, but rather that surviving is so difficult that continuing employees experience higher levels of stress than displaced employees (Collins-Nakai, Devine, Stainton Reay, 2003). The downsizing has more effect on the psychological contract that exists in between management and workers within the organization. Many researches reported that it would develop stagnation, deterioration, low morale, low trust and productivity. The fear and anxiety of the retainers of the organization is more, as there is more uncertainty and insecurity feeling among them. This is called a s survivors syndrome. Definition of survivor syndrome The literature suggests a condition referred to as survivor syndrome, or a set of attitudes, feelings and perceptions that occur in employees who remain in organizational systems following involuntary employee reductions (Collins-Nakai, Devine, Stainton Reay, 2003 p.109-110). Survivor syndrome is defined by some human resource professionals as being the mixed bag of behaviors and emotions often exhibited by remaining employees following an organizational downsizing (Appelbaum, Close Klasa, 1999 p.424-436). Survivor syndrome has become known as the emotional and attitudinal characteristics of those who have survived from a downsizing (Mossholder et al., 2000; Iverson and Pullman, 2000; Allen et al., 2001). The emotional responses of each survivor are different. There are not many previous researches confirmed the positive response for survivor when downsizing occurs, some note that concentrating on core operational competencies can reduce unnecessary management layers and increase the speed of decision-making (DeWitt, 1993; Tomasko, 1989), somes even suggest that fear of termination may increase individual effort among employees who wish to retain their jobs (Kraft, 1991). A few active survivors feel themselves so lucky because they still have their job, survivors may work more hours without compensation to help the organization through the transition. They believe that they quite understand the difficulties as well as the main reasons why organizations choose to apply downsizing strategy, they are willing to stick with organization for a long time and continue add their efforts to the development of organizations. Contrary to a few positive responses, a stream of research, both laboratory and field, has provided a lot of evidences of the h armful effects downsizing can have on survivors, these effects have been described in terms of lower morale (e.g., Armstrong-Stassen, 1993), high stress (e.g., Leana and Feldman, 1992), and anger, envy, and guilt (e.g., Noer, 1993). According to Collins-Nakai, Devine, Stainton Reay (2003) consistent with the terminology of a syndrome, this collection of symptoms includes anger, depression, fear, distrust, and guilt, or Baruch and Hind (2000) indicates that survivors exhibit a plethora of problems, such as de motivation, cynicism, insecurity, demoralization and a significant decline in organizational commitment. Termination of co-workers may lead to perceptions of organizational injustice and distrust of top management (e.g. Brockner Greenberg, 1990; Mishra Spreitzer, 1998; Noer, 1998). A lot of research shows that in case of downsizing, the organization breaks the implicit psychological contract between employer and employee-a contract that implies lifetime employment in return for hard work and loyalty. As a result, the feeling of dependency that may have evolved into entitlement is transformed into a sense of betrayal. Downsizing survivors often curious about management and spend their times to observe the intention of management after downsizing occurs; they have greater concern on their future with the organization. It leads to stress and strain among members in the organization; it affects their next attempt and the willing to stay with the organizations. With survivors, organization may thinks they are lucky, but in the reality of many people, their emotions are anger, loneliness, feel lost in broken team work because of missing their colleages, they do not feel confident enough for work due to their wondering about their job. Downsizing occurs that means org anization is left with fewer employees who are expected to put in their best effort in a manner that enhances organizational productivity (Kets de Vries Balazs 1997). They are the ones who organization put their faith in; expect long term commitment, but with fews people, it may lead to workload, role conflict, and role ambiguity tend to be high among the remaining staff after downsizing (Hellgren et al. 2005; Parker et al. 1997; Tombaugh White 1990). Workload reflects the perception of having too much work to do in the time available (Beehr, Walsh Taber 1976). Workgroup membership changes also may be associated with the loss of important organizational knowledge (Fisher White, 2000). Role conflict concerns the experience of having to deal with conflicting terms, instructions, and demands in the work environment (Rizzo, House Lirtzman 1970). Role ambiguity relates to the individuals experience of not knowing what is expected of her at work (Caplan 1971). Beside that, survivors may view downsizing as a threat to their job security, an indication of poor organizational performance, or a symptom of unfair management behavior. Survivors may also develop negative feelings toward the organization, as well as perceiving that organizational goals are difficult to achieve. According to Isabella (1989) has noted that while organizations are usually prepared to meet the needs of those being laid off, they are often unprepared for the strong emotions, lengthy adjustment periods, diminished morale and lower productivity often experienced and expressed by survivors. Managers may expect survivors not only to be grateful they were spared and to forgive what happened to their friends, but also to put their feelings aside and work harder. But the reality is not that, a bag of survivor behaviors or called survivors syndrome has always existed, it is like a contract between employees and organizations, the contract gives survivors psychological control over their work enviro nment, which lets them freely invest themselves in caring for customers. Trust Granovetter (1985) and Lewis and Weigert (1985) define trust as a willingness to be vulnerable to others, based on the prior belief that those others are trustworthy. Another definition of trust is offered by Mayer, Davis and Schoorman (1995), who proposed that trust is the willingness of a party to be vulnerable to the actions of another party based on the expectation that the other will perform a particular action important to the trustor, irrespective of the ability to monitor or control that other party. Or according to Mishra Spreitzer (1998) trust is related to psychological contracts since trust is the expectation of a future action based on the action in the past by observing the rules of behaviors in relationships. If these expectations are not met, the expecter becomes hopeless, frustrated and will lose confidence, distrust will appear instead of trust (Robinson, Kraatz Rousseau, 1994). The trust is an essential part of managing people and building a high performance, pro ductivity organization. Trust is the foundation of all relationship from top to bottom in the organization. If employees believe in their manager, their organization, this relationship will always help to create good working conditions, employees are willing to stand up for their organization at any situations, they will naturally want to do a good things, contribute their best effort for the success of their organization. Conversely, if there is no trust between employees and managers, employees will have negative actions, will not devote their energy to the development of their organization, the relationship is broken. Downsizing organizations appear to suffer a deterioration of trust (Buch Aldridge, 1991; Cascio, 1993) and an increase in fear (Buch et al., 1991). The occuring of downsizing makes employees feel uncertain about organization, stress à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ the responses tends to score lower in problem solving, creativity and the ability to learn new skills, uncertainty and anxiety reduces the focus of work. Trust between employees and organization also reduced because downsizing is usually a headful though of managers, they need along time for making the decision, but with employees, downsizing is just a sudden result, sometimes they do not have a chance to prepare or may not believe that they will be the one who be laid off. According to ONeill Lenn (1995), survivors who believe that management is competent and reliable, may view downsizing as less threatening because they believe that the managers will keep their promise, be honest và   open và ¡Ã‚ »Ã¢â‚¬ ºi what is going on with their employees. Trust is instrumental in overcoming resistance to change, for it shapes how individuals interpret the implementation process (Kotter Schlesinger, 1979). If they have trust, survivors are willing think that all the things that organization do, have a reason, it is a good thing for them, for organization, downsizing just helps organization stand in difficult time as well as creating opportunities for employees in the future. In other words, trust in top management minimizes the categorization of threat by helping survivors to understand and believe in managements intentions and expected behavior. If they do not have trust, survivors wil have negative thinking such as the decision of manager is wrong, or managers put their personal interests above the interests of employees. Without trust, employees are likely to feel threatened by downsizing, leading to resistance and retaliation, rather than the constructive cooperation that is necessary to facilitate deep change (Quinn, 1996). Commitment There are a lot of definitions about employee commitment such as A force that stabilizes individual behavior under circumstances where the individual would otherwise be tempted to change that behavior (Brickman, 1987), or The relative strength of an individuals identification with and involvement in a particular organization (Mowday et al, 1979) or simply A psychological state that binds the individual to the organization (Allen Meyer, 1990). Commitment is loyalty to the organization. A loyal employee identifies with an organization and is involved in being an employee of that organization (Price Mueller, 1986). Committed employees feel that there is a tight string between them and the organization, which, in the positive form, makes them more willing to perform their job. Organizational commitment is the driving force behind an organizations performance (Suliman and Iles, 2000, p. 408). The multidimensional approach poses that organization commitment is influenced by three constru cts: emotional attachment (affective commitment), perceived costs (continuance commitment) and moral obligation (normative commitment) (Allen and Meyer, 1990). Affective commitment is mean that employees stay with organization because they want to, they believes in organization and feel it like their home. Normative commitment is mean that employees stay with organization because they feel obligated to continuew to work for many different reasons and purposes. Continuance commitment is mean that employees stay with the organization because cost of giving up the job is too high for them. (European Motivation-Index.com). It has also been proposed that different types of commitment can have different effects on behaviors and attitudes (Iles et al., 1990). For example, continuance commitment can have detrimental effects on job satisfaction compared to the beneficial effects of affective commitment (Suliman and Iles, 2000). Affective commitment has been shown to be the best predictor of intention to leave (Stallworth, 2004) and found to be more important than job satisfaction in determining service quality of customer-contact employees (Malhotra and Mukherjee, 2004). It can be seen that in human resource management process, organizations should pay attention to the affect commitment group because these people will add value, increase productivity and quality to the organization, but they also be the most affected by downsizing, or in other word maintaining a high level of employees affective commitment to the organization is assumed to be a critical factor for successful downsizing, but downsizing tends to reduce employees affective commitment to the organization (Lee Jaewon, 2002). According to many research about employee commitment, in downsizing context, employees commitment to an organization is challenged. Moreover, commitment has been shown to positively influence other variables related to survivor syndrome, such as job satisfaction (Liou, 1995; Fletcher and Williams, 1996; Mowday et al., 1974; Wong et al., 1995; Vandenberg and Lance, 1992), performance (Hartmann and Bambacas, 2000) and perceived organizational support (Eisenberger et al. , 2001). A negative relationship has been shown for absenteeism (Iverson and Deery, 2001; Metcalfe and Dick, 2000) and turnover intention (Schnake and Dumler, 2000) Stress According to Casico Wynn (2004) stated that the downsizing create a breach of an unwritten rules that constitute the psychological contract between employer and employee leads to a rise in stress and a decrease in satisfaction, commitment, intention to stay and perceptions of an organizations trustworthiness, honesty, and caring about its employees. Stress has been defined as a stimulus, a response, or the result of an interaction between the two, with the interaction described in terms of some imbalance between the person and the environment (Cooper, Dewe ODriscoll, 2001). When downsizing occurs, like the victims, the survivors often lose control over their employment status and work situation. Survivors often feel angry and overwhelmed by the sudden disruption of the workplace, similar to people who be laid off, survivors also have feelings of betrayal and fury when downsizing occurs. Research also indicates that other stressful characteristics tend to emerge when work has to be carried out by fewer employees (Hellgren Sverke 2001; Hopkins Weathington 2006; Pfeffer 1998). The lack of people to work become overwhelmed, constant anxiety because of imbalance as well as job lossed can be happened anytime that creates stress to survivors. Employee stress can take many forms and significant impact on both employees and organizations; it can manifest as anxiety, irritability, dependency, depression and it results in reduced productivity, employee burnout, absenteeism (Valueoption.com). It has been suggested that layoff survivors experience stress that is as great, or even greater than, the stress felt by those who have been laid off (Kaufman 1982). Job insecurity Job insecurity is the exact opposite of job security, is defined as the perceived powerlessness to maintain desired continuity in a threatened job situation by Greenhalgh and Rosenblatt (1984). Job insecurity represents one of the most frequently investigated stressors in the context of organizational change and downsizing (e.g., De Witte 1999; Sverke/Hellgren 2002). The string sticks employees with organizion is job, in other word, any organization keeps their employees by proper job with many opportunities to learn, to develop, and above all of them, the job has to be durable and security. When downsizing occurs, survivors feel like the promise of organization has broken down, they see their colleagues lose their job and they fear of losing their jobs at anytime, fear of instability of income, loss of status or self esteem. They believe that their work will no longer be safe, if the organization was willing to let the employees go in the past, they would be willing to do it again i n the future. Job insecurity leads to dissatisfaction, people intent to leave the organization and come to a safer place; it also leads to greater absenteeism, higher turnovers and disability claims (Boroson and Burgess, 1992; Koco. 1996; Mishra and Spreitzer. 1998; Tombaugh and White. 1990). Previous studies such as Moore, Grunberg Greenberg (2006); Ashford, Lee Bobko (1989); Brockner et al. (1992) or Hellgren Sverke (2003) have concluded that job insecurity are related with organizational downsizing both in short and long term perspective and the worried about future job loss is associated with impaired work attitudes and well-being. Theorists have emphasized that job insecurity is a multidimensional phenomenon (Ashford, Lee Bobko, 1989; Greenhalgh Rosenblatt, 1984; Jacobson, 1991). The first dimension, called severity of threat, consists of the range of work features at risk, the valence of these features, probabilities of losing each feature, and the number of sources of threat. The second dimension is perceived powerlessness, or ones ability to respond to risks. Job insecurity can also be thought of in terms of expectancy (i.e. probability of loss) and valence (i.e. value of job features) from expectancy theory (Jacobson, 1991). Job insecurity is a broad concept , including threats to any desired work features including opportunities for career development or wages. perceptions of job insecurity also can be considered as stress inducing, so reports of worry and stress are sometimes used as proxies for perception of job insecurity. Results showed that perceived job insecurity increased over time as layoffs unfolded but no new information arrived. Job insecurity was lowest among those employees who had no contact with workforce downsizing, with higher insecurity among those who had friends or co-workers laid off, and the highest insecurity among those who had been warned that they would be laid off or who had been laid off and then rehired. Hypothesis Many organization managers apply workforce downsizing strategy for their organization, often focus their attention and effort for those employees who be laid off and pay little attention to those who remain with organization As the large bank in Vietnam, VietinBank is also applying workforce downsizing like many other organizations to overcome the current difficulties. Get to know the survivors syndrome is very important not only for VietinBank but also for many other organizations. The future of the organization can be at stake if these warning signs take hold and start to have a long-term effect. Organizations that understand and combat the causes of survivor syndrome at an early stage have a far better chance of weathering the storm and moving forward after the period of unsettling change. Based on the previous studies, in the scope of this research, researcher would like to find out the impact of workforce downsizing to the behavior such as trust, commitment, and stress and job insecurity of Vietinbanks staffs to see how they were affected by downsizing and which elements of fours will be the most impacted by downsizing. Through this research, researcher hopes to put some help for VietinBank managers in order to have a better understanding about their employees so that they can looking for an appropriate direction as well as specific plan to minimize the harmful impacted may arises from downsizing. Based on the above theory discussion, the Hypothesis is formulated as following: (H1) There is a significant relationship between downsizing and VietinBank survivors trust. (H2) There is a significant relationship between downsizing and VietinBank survivors stress. (H3) There is a significant relationship between downsizing and VietinBank survivors commitment. (H4) There is a significant relationship between downsizing and VietinBank survivors job insecurity. (H5) There is a survivors symptom that be strongest impacted by downsizing in VietinBank Chapter Summary Through out the chapter, researcher give a deeped review of previous research on downsizing and its impacted on survivors. There are many different opinions about the effects of downsizing on organizations, somes indicated that downsizing is an effective stratefy for organization, which may lead to increase innovation, human resource focusing. However, numerous previous studies have concluded that there are adverse effects of downsizing on organizations, especially for survivors, who is considered to be lucky one for remaining their job. Previous researchs have come up with a term survivors syndrome to describe the behaviors or attitudes of survivors during and after the workforce downsizing occurs. And by understanding the attitudes, emotions and viewpoints of the survivors, a clear perspective on the true short and long term benefits, gains or losses of downsizing for corporations can be derived. Even in early survivor syndrome literature there was some evidence that effective mana gement of downsizing can control for negative effects on the survivors (Brockner, 1990; Brockner et al., 1992) The next section of the research studied further the impact of downsizing on trust, stress, commitment and job insecurity of VietinBanks survivors. This research enables better understanding about the perspective and behavior of VietinBanks survivor when downsizing situation occurs.

So long a letter :: essays research papers

Daniel Overmyer’s, Religions of China, discusses the historical developments of the different religions of China. It also addresses the impact religion has on the daily life of the Chinese in the past and present. Overmyer introduces the Chinese living system with his knowledge of Feng-shui, and how everything is connected by shared rhythms. â€Å"These rhythms are discussed as the cold, dark forces of yin and the hot, bright forces of yang; together with the five powers of metal, plant, life, water, fire and earth; these forces are modes of qi, â€Å"vital substance†. Their interaction produces all things† (12). The author does an excellent job in his approach to teaching Chinese religions and culture. He explains its concept and upbringings then tries to relate them to the reader’s daily life. This book serves as an introduction to Chinese History, in terms of religions and practices, which paved the way for China today. In order to help introduce the major cultural and religious features of the book, the author places a chronological list of events in the beginning of the text; from the Prehistoric time (6000 B.C.) to the Peoples Republic of China (1949-present). Its geographical limits are all of China, which extends from the Pacific Ocean to India to Afghanistan, and from Burma in the south to Siberia in the north. Overmyer gives a brief historical view of the country’s’ political and social climb, one example was with the decline of the Hans dynasty to the uprising of the Yellow Turbans then to Way of the Celestial Masters. â€Å"These two popular movements were also forerunners of Daoism, which became the most important religious tradition founded in China† (37). The presentation of the text is thematic and it provides the reader with a step by step analysis to religions and practices. The author presents the concept in a very organized fashion. The first chapter introduces the beliefs and values of China’s living system, with the concept of Feng-shui and qi. The next chapter gives a brief overview of the historical developments of the different religions; Daoism, Buddhism, Confucianism, Popular Religion, and Foreign Religion. The proceeding chapters include the traditions and practices in their religious life and also the community’s intervention with the spiritual life; i.e. The Spring Festival, Exorcism and the Buddhist Enlightenment. The last chapter, Chinese Religions Today, emphasizes on present day religion in Taiwan and China mainland. Overmyer is very knowledgeable in the subject matter, he was taught by his mother during his first 5 years living in China.